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Vulnerability record · CVE-2016-4461 · published 16 October 2017

CVE-2016-4461: Apache struts improper input validation vulnerability

Apache · Struts

Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2016-0785.

8.8 CVSS 3.0 High EPSS 8.1% · top 5.4% CWE-20 · Improper input validation
8.8CVSS 3.0 base score, v2 9.0
8.1%EPSS exploitation probability, 30 days
NoNot in CISA KEV
2Affected product versions listed by NVD
6References
17 Jun 2026Last modified by NVD

Description

Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2016-0785.

CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Affected products

2 vulnerable configurations from NVD's CPE data, grouped by vendor and product.

References

LinkTags
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91277 Third Party AdvisoryVDB Entry
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0004/ Third Party Advisory
https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-036.html MitigationVendor Advisory
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91277 Third Party AdvisoryVDB Entry
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0004/ Third Party Advisory
https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-036.html MitigationVendor Advisory

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Related vulnerabilities

Same products first, then exploited flaws of the same weakness class.

9.8CVE-2020-17530Apache Struts forced OGNL evaluation enables remote code executionApache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.5.25 performs forced OGNL evaluation on raw user input placed in tag attributes, allowing expression language injection…KEVEPSS 96%analysed9.8CVE-2017-9791Apache Struts 1 plugin input validation flaw enables remote code executionThe Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x may allow remote code execution when a malicious field value is passed in a raw message to the A…KEVEPSS 99%analysed9.8CVE-2017-5638Apache Struts 2 Jakarta Multipart parser remote code executionThe Jakarta Multipart parser in Apache Struts 2 mishandles exceptions and error messages during file-upload attempts, letting a crafted Content-Type,…KEVEPSS 100%analysed9.8CVE-2016-3427Oracle Java SE JMX Improper Access Control VulnerabilityCVE-2016-3427 is an unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u113, 7u99, 8u77, Java SE Embedded 8u77, and JRockit R28.3.9, reached through vector…KEVEPSS 92%analysed9.8CVE-2013-2251Apache Struts 2 OGNL injection enables remote code executionApache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 fails to properly validate request parameters, allowing crafted action:, redirect:, or redirectAction: prefixes to…KEVEPSS 100%analysed9.8CVE-2012-0391Apache Struts ExceptionDelegator OGNL injection enables remote code executionApache Struts before 2.2.3.1 evaluates parameter values as OGNL expressions in the ExceptionDelegator component during exception handling for mismatc…KEVEPSS 76%analysed8.8CVE-2010-1871JBoss Seam 2 EL injection allows remote code executionJBoss Seam 2, as shipped in JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 4.3.0 for Red Hat Linux, fails to sanitize input used in JBoss Expression Language …KEVEPSS 83%analysed8.1CVE-2018-11776Apache Struts namespace handling flaw enables remote code executionApache Struts 2.3 through 2.3.34 and 2.5 through 2.5.16 can execute remote code when alwaysSelectFullNamespace is enabled and results or url tags are…KEVEPSS 100%analysed

Source: NIST National Vulnerability Database (record CVE-2016-4461), CISA KEV, FIRST EPSS (scores of 2026-09-27). This page is refreshed as NVD updates the record.